![WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-0](https://i3.badvin.org/5c379664f4b23f78683e710f/WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-0-17e3f0.jpg?uid=gst5c379664f4b23f78683e710f)
2016 AUDI S8VIN: WAUJSAFD2GN007282
Historical Records
Outer tie rod(s) replaced
Alignment performed
Maintenance inspection completed
Vehicle involved in a sideswipe collision with another motor vehicle
Airbag deployed
Year | 2016 |
ODO | 3899 mi |
Condition | Hidden text |
Seller | Hidden text |
Location | Flint, MI, 48532 |
Date | appeared 3 years ago latest price $4896 |
Price History | |
Sale Website Type | classifieds |
Notes | |
Hidden text |
![WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-0](https://i3.badvin.org/5fd8a73fd7aa5904f3b2e33d/WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-0.jpg)
![WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-1](https://i3.badvin.org/5fd8a73fd7aa5904f3b2e33f/WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-1.jpg)
![WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-2](https://i3.badvin.org/5fd8a73fd7aa5904f3b2e341/WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-2.jpg)
Body Style | Sedan |
Color | Black |
Color (Interior) | Black |
Transmission | Automatic |
Engine | 4.0 L |
Cylinders | 8 Cyl |
Drive | AWD |
Fuel Type | Gasoline |
- Navigation System
- Hidden text
- Keyless Entry
- Hidden text
- Leather Seats
- Hidden text
- Blind Spot Monitor
- Hidden text
- Bose Sound System
- Hidden text
- 14 Speakers
- 1704
- 3-Point Seat Belts
- 7005
- AM/FM
- Hidden text
- Adaptive Suspension
- Hidden text
- Adjustable Steering Wheel
- Hidden text
- Anti-Lock Brakes
- Hidden text
- Auto Climate Control
- Hidden text
- Auto-Dimming Mirror
- Hidden text
- Body Colored Bumpers
- Hidden text
- CD (Single Disc)
- Hidden text
- Cruise Control
- Hidden text
- Dual-Zone Climate Control
- Hidden text
- Front Airbags (Passenger)
- Hidden text
- Front Headrests
- Hidden text
- Front Side Airbags (Driver)
- Hidden text
- Head-Up Display
- Hidden text
- High-Beam Assist
- Hidden text
- Leather Steering Wheel
- Hidden text
- MP3
- Hidden text
- Overhead Airbag
- Hidden text
- Power Adjustable Headrest
- Hidden text
- Power Seat (Dual)
- Hidden text
- Power Sun/Moonroof
- Hidden text
- Radio Data System
- Hidden text
- Rear Air Conditioning
- Hidden text
- Rear Side Airbags
- Hidden text
- Rear-View Camera
- Hidden text
- Satellite Radio
- Hidden text
- Speed-Sensing Steering
- Hidden text
- Sport Steering Wheel
- Hidden text
- Steering Wheel Controls
- Hidden text
- Surround Audio
- Hidden text
- Thermometer
- Hidden text
- Traction Control
- Hidden text
- Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle II
Year | 2016 |
ODO | 8892 mi |
Seller | Hidden text (Hidden text) |
Location | Flint, MI, 48532 |
Date | appeared 3 years ago latest price $6726 sale post disappeared 2023-11-29 |
Price History | |
Sale Website Type | classifieds |
Notes | |
Hidden text |
![WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-0](https://i3.badvin.org/5fd61bfcdb062d333322b203/WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-0.jpg)
![WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-1](https://i3.badvin.org/5fd61bfcdb062d333322b205/WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-1.jpg)
![WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-2](https://i3.badvin.org/5fd61bfcdb062d333322b206/WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-2.jpg)
Color | Black Exterior |
Transmission | 8-Speed Automatic Transmission |
Drive | All Wheel Drive |
- Hidden text
- Auto-Leveling Suspension
- Hidden text
- Door Auto-Latch
- Hidden text
- HVAC Memory
- Hidden text
- Mp3 Decoder
- Hidden text
- Power Passenger Seat
- Hidden text
- Rear fog lights
- 7738
- Auto High-Beam Headlights
- Hidden text
- CD Player
- Hidden text
- Front Anti-Roll Bar
- Hidden text
- Heated Front Seats
- Hidden text
- Power Adjustable Front Head Restraints
- Hidden text
- Rear Window Blind
- Hidden text
- Speed control
- Hidden text
- Turn Signal Indicator Mirrors
- Hidden text
- Auto-Dimming Rear-View Mirror
- Hidden text
- DVD-Audio
- Hidden text
- Front Fog Lights
- Hidden text
- Leather Steering Wheel
- Hidden text
- Power Driver Seat
- Hidden text
- Rear Anti-Roll Bar
- Hidden text
- Speed-Sensing Steering
- Hidden text
- Variably Intermittent Wipers
- Hidden text
- Auto-Dimming Door Mirrors
- Hidden text
- Delay-Off Headlights
- Hidden text
- Garage Door Transmitter: Homelink
- Hidden text
- Low Tire Pressure Warning
- Hidden text
- Power Moonroof
- Hidden text
- Rear Dual Zone A/C
- Hidden text
- Sport Steering Wheel
- Hidden text
- Ventilated Front Seats
- Hidden text
- Steering Wheel Memory
- Hidden text
- Wheels: 9.0" x 21" 5-Triple-Spoke
- Hidden text
- Auto Tilt-Away Steering Wheel
- Hidden text
- Compass
- Hidden text
- Front Dual Zone A/C
- Hidden text
- Knee Airbag
- Hidden text
- Power Door Mirrors
- Hidden text
- Rear air conditioning
- Hidden text
- Speed-Sensitive Wipers
- Hidden text
- Valcona Leather Seat Upholstery
Year | 2016 |
ODO | 9594 mi |
Seller | Hidden text (Hidden text) |
Location | Flint, MI, 48532 |
Date | appeared 3 years ago latest price $9863 sale post disappeared 2022-01-07 |
Price History | |
Sale Website Type | classifieds |
Notes | |
Hidden text |
![WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-0](https://i3.badvin.org/5fd9d017d984973efc192120/WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-0.jpg)
![WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-1](https://i3.badvin.org/5fd9d017d984973efc192122/WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-1.jpg)
![WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-2](https://i3.badvin.org/5fd9d017d984973efc192124/WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-2.jpg)
Body Style | Sedan |
Color | Black |
Color (Interior) | Black |
Transmission | 8-Speed Automatic |
Engine | 4.0L V8 32V GDI DOHC Twin Turbo |
Drive | AWD |
Fuel Type | Gasoline |
- AM/FM radio: SiriusXM
- Hidden text
- Brake Assist
- Hidden text
- Front Anti-Roll Bar
- Hidden text
- Heated Front Seats
- Hidden text
- Power Adjustable Front Head Restraints
- Hidden text
- Rear Dual Zone A/C
- Hidden text
- Auto Tilt-Away Steering Wheel
- Hidden text
- Delay-Off Headlights
- Hidden text
- Garage Door Transmitter: Homelink
- Hidden text
- Low Tire Pressure Warning
- Hidden text
- Power Moonroof
- Hidden text
- Rear Window Defroster
- Hidden text
- Automatic Temperature Control
- Hidden text
- Electronic stability control
- Hidden text
- Heads-Up Display
- Hidden text
- Occupant Sensing Airbag
- Hidden text
- Rain Sensing Wipers
- Hidden text
- Speed control
- Hidden text
- Valcona Leather Seat Upholstery
- Hidden text
- Sport Steering Wheel
- Hidden text
- Wheels: 9.0 X 21 5-Triple-Spoke
- Hidden text
- Sun Blinds
- Hidden text
- Adaptive Suspension
- Hidden text
- Bumpers: Body-Color
- Hidden text
- Front Dual Zone A/C
- Hidden text
- Knee Airbag
- Hidden text
- Auto High-Beam Headlights
- Hidden text
- Auto-Dimming Door Mirrors
- Hidden text
- Bose Surround Sound System W/Audiopilot
- Hidden text
- Door Auto-Latch
- Hidden text
- Four Wheel Independent Suspension
- Hidden text
- HVAC Memory
- Hidden text
- Heated Door Mirrors
- Hidden text
- Overhead Airbag
- Hidden text
- Rear Anti-Roll Bar
- Hidden text
- Speed-Sensitive Wipers
- Hidden text
- Ventilated Front Seats
- Hidden text
- Compass
- Hidden text
- Electrochromatic auto-dimming mirrors
- Hidden text
- Heated passenger mirror
- Hidden text
- Navigation system with voice activation
- Hidden text
- ABS And Driveline Traction Control
- Hidden text
- Cornering Lights
- Hidden text
- Electrochromatic rearview mirror
- Hidden text
- Heated windshield washer jets
- Hidden text
- Passenger Airbag
- Hidden text
- Rear heat ducts with separate controls
- Hidden text
- Audio System Premium Brand Speakers: Bose
- Hidden text
- Cruise control,4-wheel ABS Brakes
- Hidden text
- Express open/close glass sunroof
- Hidden text
- In-Dash single CD player
- Hidden text
- Passenger reverse tilt mirror
- Hidden text
- Rem
- Hidden text
- Tachometer
- Hidden text
- Audio system memory card slot
- Hidden text
- DVD-Audio
- Hidden text
- External temperature display
- Hidden text
- Leather steering wheel trim
- Hidden text
- Power remote driver mirror adjustment
- Hidden text
- Remote power door locks
- Hidden text
- Total Number of Speakers: 14
- Hidden text
- Rear fog lights
- Hidden text
- Stability Control
- Hidden text
- Driver And Passenger Heated-Seatback
- Hidden text
- Twin Turbo
- Hidden text
- Braking Assist
- Hidden text
- Dual illuminated vanity mirrors
- Hidden text
- Heated driver mirror
- Hidden text
- Memorized Settings including steering wheel
- Hidden text
- Rear air conditioning with separate controls
- Hidden text
- Speed Sensitive Audio Volume Control
- Hidden text
- Wheel Width: 9
Year | 2016 |
ODO | 5430 mi |
Seller | Hidden text (Hidden text) |
Location | Dearborn, MI, 48124 |
Date | appeared 4 years ago latest price $8030 sale post disappeared 2019-08-04 |
Sale Website Type | classifieds |
Notes | |
Hidden text |
![WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-0](https://i3.badvin.org/5e8dcf1161b9dd6d6617c2c6/WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-0.jpg)
![WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-1](https://i3.badvin.org/5e8dcf1161b9dd6d6617c2c9/WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-1.jpg)
![WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-2](https://i3.badvin.org/5e8dcf1161b9dd6d6617c2cb/WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-2.jpg)
Color | Mythos Black Metallic |
Color (Interior) | Black |
Transmission | 8-Speed Automatic |
Engine | 8-Cylinder Turbo |
Drive | All wheel drive |
Fuel Type | Gasoline |
- 3065
- Auto High-Beam Headlights
- Hidden text
- Brake Assist
- Hidden text
- Dual front side impact airbags
- Hidden text
- HVAC Memory
- Hidden text
- Low Tire Pressure Warning
- Hidden text
- Panic alarm
- Hidden text
- Radio data system
- Hidden text
- Rear seat center armrest
- Hidden text
- 14 Speakers
- Hidden text
- Auto-Leveling Suspension
- Hidden text
- DVD-Audio
- Hidden text
- Front Bucket Seats
- Hidden text
- Heated 22-Way Power Front Comfort Sport Seats
- Hidden text
- Navigation System
- Hidden text
- Power Door Mirrors
- Hidden text
- Rear Window Blind
- Hidden text
- ABS Brakes
- Hidden text
- Bluetooth
- Hidden text
- Driver Door Bin
- Hidden text
- Front Fog Lights
- Hidden text
- Illuminated entry
- Hidden text
- Overhead Airbag
- Hidden text
- Auto Tilt-Away Steering Wheel
- Hidden text
- Bumpers: Body-Color
- Hidden text
- Electronic stability control
- Hidden text
- Head Restraints Memory
- Hidden text
- Mp3 Decoder
- Hidden text
- Passenger Door Bin
- Hidden text
- Radio: Audi MMI Navigation Plus System
- Hidden text
- Rear Side Impact Airbag
- Hidden text
- Steering Wheel Mounted Audio Controls
- Hidden text
- Wheels: 9.0" x 21" 5-Triple-Spoke
- Hidden text
- Tilt steering wheel
- Hidden text
- Seatbelt Memory
- Hidden text
- Telescoping Steering Wheel
- Hidden text
- Passenger Vanity Mirror
- Hidden text
- Rain Sensing Wipers
- Hidden text
- Rear Window Defroster
- Hidden text
- Sun Blinds
- Hidden text
- AM/FM radio: SiriusXM
- Hidden text
- Blind Spot Sensor
- Hidden text
- Driver Vanity Mirror
- Hidden text
- Front reading lights
- Hidden text
- Knee Airbag
- Hidden text
- Overhead console
- Hidden text
- Power Steering
- Hidden text
- Rear fog lights
- Hidden text
- Speed-Sensing Steering
- Hidden text
- Valcona Leather Seat Upholstery
3009
Year | 2016 |
Title | Hidden text |
ODO | 9975 mi |
Condition | Hidden text |
Buy Now Price | $8296 |
Location | Dearborn, MI, 48124 |
Date | ended 4 years ago |
Sale Website Type | classifieds |
![WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-0](https://i3.badvin.org/5e06096dce9598425674afd2/WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-0.jpg)
![WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-1](https://i3.badvin.org/5e06096dce9598425674afd3/WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-1.jpg)
![WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-2](https://i3.badvin.org/5e06096dce9598425674afd4/WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-2.jpg)
Color | Black |
Transmission | Automatic |
Engine | 4.0L V8 32V GDI DOHC Twin Turbo |
Drive | AWD |
Fuel Type | Gasoline |
Year | 2016 |
ODO | 9205 mi |
Seller | Hidden text (Hidden text) |
Location | Addison, IL, 60101 |
Date | appeared 5 years ago latest price $3862 sale post disappeared 2022-11-13 |
Sale Website Type | classifieds |
Notes | |
1449 |
![WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-0](https://i.badvin.org/5cd36c34e922a824dff8d475/WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-0.jpg)
Body Style | Sedan |
Color | Brilliant Black |
Color (Interior) | Black |
Transmission | 8-Speed Automatic |
Engine | 4.0L V8 32V GDI DOHC Twin Turbo |
Drive | AWD |
Fuel Type | Gasoline |
- Hidden text
- Bluetooth Wireless Phone Connectivity
- Hidden text
- Driver and passenger seat memory
- Hidden text
- Heated driver mirror
- Hidden text
- Navigation system with voice activation
- Hidden text
- Rear air conditioning with separate controls
- Hidden text
- 1st and 2nd row curtain head airbags
- Hidden text
- Braking Assist
- Hidden text
- Dual illuminated vanity mirrors
- Hidden text
- Heated passenger mirror
- Hidden text
- Passenger Airbag
- Hidden text
- Rear fog lights
- Hidden text
- Surround Audio
- 5259
- Auxilliary engine cooler
- Hidden text
- Driver And Passenger Heated-Cushion
- Hidden text
- Fuel Consumption: Highway: 25 mpg
- Hidden text
- Memorized Settings including door mirror(s)
- Hidden text
- Privacy glass: Light
- Hidden text
- SiriusXM AM/FM/HD/Satellite Radio
- Hidden text
- Wheel Diameter: 21
- Hidden text
- Beverage cooler in glovebox
- Hidden text
- Driver and passenger knee airbags
- Hidden text
- Headlight cleaners with washer
- Hidden text
- Memorized Settings including steering wheel
- Hidden text
- Radio data system
- Hidden text
- Speed Sensitive Audio Volume Control
- Hidden text
- Wheel Width: 9
- Hidden text
- Audio system security
- Hidden text
- Daytime Running Lights
- Hidden text
- Front fog/driving lights
- Hidden text
- Memorized Settings including HVAC
- Hidden text
- Power Windows
- Hidden text
- Simulated carbon fibre shift knob trim
- Hidden text
- Video Monitor Location: Front
- Hidden text
- Turn signal in mirrors
- Hidden text
- Twin Turbo
Year | 2016 |
ODO | 5197 mi |
Seller | Hidden text |
Buy Now Price | $3659 |
Location | Bolingbrook, IL, 60440 |
Date | ended 5 years ago |
Sale Website Type | dealer auction |
Notes | |
6521 |
![WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-0](https://i3.badvin.org/5c61f1759c66b760cb12e19c/WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-0.jpg?uid=gst5c61f1759c66b760cb12e19c)
![WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-1](https://i3.badvin.org/5c61f1759c66b760cb12e1ad/WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-1.jpg?uid=gst5c61f1759c66b760cb12e1ad)
![WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-2](https://i3.badvin.org/5c61f1759c66b760cb12e1c8/WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-2.jpg?uid=gst5c61f1759c66b760cb12e1c8)
Color | Black |
Year | 2016 |
ODO | 4060 mi |
Seller | Hidden text |
Buy Now Price | $6029 |
Location | Bolingbrook, IL, 60440 |
Date | ended 5 years ago |
Sale Website Type | dealer auction |
Notes | |
5569 |
![WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-0](https://i3.badvin.org/5c61f1759c66b760cb12e19c/WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-0.jpg?uid=gst5c61f1759c66b760cb12e19c)
![WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-1](https://i3.badvin.org/5c61f1759c66b760cb12e1ad/WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-1.jpg?uid=gst5c61f1759c66b760cb12e1ad)
![WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-2](https://i3.badvin.org/5c61f1759c66b760cb12e1c8/WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-2.jpg?uid=gst5c61f1759c66b760cb12e1c8)
Color | Black |
Year | 2016 |
ODO | 1881 mi |
Seller | Hidden text |
Buy Now Price | $2131 |
Location | Abbottstown, PA, 17301 |
Date | ended 5 years ago |
Sale Website Type | dealer auction |
![WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-0](https://i3.badvin.org/5c39f41c2089b90c56b0a06c/WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-0.jpg?uid=gst5c39f41c2089b90c56b0a06c)
![WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-1](https://i3.badvin.org/5c39f41c2089b90c56b0a073/WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-1.jpg?uid=gst5c39f41c2089b90c56b0a073)
![WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-2](https://i3.badvin.org/5c39f41c2089b90c56b0a07b/WAUJSAFD2GN007282-2016-audi-s8-2.jpg?uid=gst5c39f41c2089b90c56b0a07b)
Color | Black |
Transmission | Automatic |
Drive | All Wheel Drive |
Model Analytics & Market Report
Depreciation
Year | Average Mileage | Average Price | % Left | % Lost | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 MSRP | 0 mi | $129,310 | — | — | 100% | 0% |
2017 | 17,602 mi | $92,998 | +$0 | +0% | 71.92% | 28.08% |
2018 | 26,403 mi | $83,997 | +$9,001 | +9.68% | 64.96% | 35.04% |
2019 | 35,204 mi | $73,480 | +$10,517 | +12.52% | 56.82% | 43.18% |
2020 | 44,005 mi | $64,999 | +$8,481 | +11.54% | 50.27% | 49.73% |
→ Visit 2016 AUDI S8 depreciation page to see full data. |
Price vs Mileage
Mileage | Average Price | Sample Size |
---|---|---|
5,000 mi | $70,500 | 13 sales |
10,000 mi | $57,600 | 37 sales |
15,000 mi | $64,988 | 63 sales |
20,000 mi | $65,090 | 93 sales |
25,000 mi | $59,999 | 70 sales |
30,000 mi | $59,990 | 408 sales |
→ Visit 2016 AUDI S8 depreciation page to see full data. |
VIN Decoder — 30 records
A TPMS is an electronic system designed to monitor the air pressure inside the pneumatic tires on various types of vehicles. TPMS can be divided into two different types - direct and indirect. Direct TPMS employ pressure sensors on each wheel, either internal or external. The sensors physically measure the tire pressure in each tire and report it to the vehicle's instrument cluster or a corresponding monitor. Indirect TPMS does not use physical pressure sensors but measure air pressures by monitoring individual wheel rotational speeds and other signals available outside of the tire itself.
Engine displacement (in cubic centimeters) is the volume swept by all the pistons inside the cylinders of a reciprocating engine in a single movement from top dead center to bottom dead center.
Engine displacement (in cubic inches) is the volume swept by all the pistons inside the cylinders of a reciprocating engine in a single movement from top dead center to bottom dead center.
Engine displacement (in liters) is the volume swept by all the pistons inside the cylinders of a reciprocating engine in a single movement from top dead center to bottom dead center.
Engine brake is the horsepower (hp) at the engine output shaft. Engine Brake (hp) From is the lower value of the range.
This is a numerical field to store the number of cylinders in an engine. Common values for passenger cars are 4 or 6.
Body Class presents the body type based on 49 CFR 565.12(b): "Body type means the general configuration or shape of a vehicle distinguished by such characteristics as the number of doors or windows, cargo-carrying features and the roofline (e.g., sedan, fastback, hatchback)." Definitions are not provided for individual body types in the regulation.
Gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) is the maximum operating weight of a vehicle including the vehicle's chassis, body, engine, engine fluids, fuel, accessories, driver, passengers and cargo, but excluding that of the trailers. Per 49 CFR 565.15, Class 1 is further broken down to Class A-D; Class 2 is further broken down to Class E-H. This field captures the lower bound of GVWR range for the vehicle.
Gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) is the maximum operating weight of a vehicle including the vehicle's chassis, body, engine, engine fluids, fuel, accessories, driver, passengers and cargo, but excluding that of the trailers. Per 49 CFR 565.15, Class 1 is further broken down to Class A-D; Class 2 is further broken down to Class E-H. This field captures the higher bound of GVWR range for the vehicle.
Per 49 CFR 565, Model means a name that a manufacturer applies to a family of vehicles of the same type, make, line, series and body type.
If the model year (MY) is supplied when the VIN is decoded, such as from a crash report or a vehicle registration record, the MY value will be the supplied MY, even if the MY decoded from the VIN differs from the supplied MY. If the MY is not supplied when the VIN is decoded, the MY value will be decoded from the 10th character in the VIN.
This data element captures the city of the manufacturing plant where the manufacturer affixes the VIN.
This data element captures the country of the manufacturing plant where the manufacturer affixes the VIN.
This field captures the location of curtain air bags. Curtain air bags are side air bags that protect the head.
This field captures the location of frontal air bags. Frontal air bags are generally designed to deploy in "moderate to severe" frontal or near-frontal crashes.