Try to enter your VIN above and see what we have for you.
1GCEC14X98Z114533-2008-chevrolet-silverado-1500-0
BADVIN vehicle history report for

2008 CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500VIN: 1GCEC14X98Z114533

Get FULL ACCESS to the vehicle history report and see all blurred info.
We accept PayPal and Stripe. Money-back guarantee if not satisfied.
Read 205+ reviews from our customers who used BADVIN to avoid buying junk vehicles.
Historical Records
events
Photos
180 images
Sales History
15 records
Sale Prices
15 records
Market report
Price analytics

Historical Records

Historical records may include service and maintenance records, title status (clean, junk, salvage), insurance records, number of owners, registration events and states, and other information.
You can find more information about historical records in BADVIN reports and see more examples here.
Available historical records for VIN 1GCEC14X98Z114533
Latest reported mileage: 543 mi
Below you can see some examples of what these records could look like.
2023-02-20
a year ago
26,586 mi
Accident reported
Vehicle involved in a sideswipe collision with another motor vehicle
Airbag deployed
2022-06-22
2 years ago
19,006 mi
Vehicle serviced
Tire repaired
2021-02-04
3 years ago
36,542 mi
Vehicle serviced
Outer tie rod(s) replaced
Alignment performed

Sale Record

Sale Date
6 months ago
Latest Price
Odometer
4498 mi
Location
Memphis, TN, 38128
2008 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 W/T
Year2008
ODO 8878 mi
SellerHidden text (Hidden text)
LocationMemphis, TN, 38128
Date
appeared 6 months ago
latest price $2101
sale post disappeared 2024-05-05
Price History
Sale Website Typeclassifieds
sale information provided by user #1046652
All photos above are REAL and display ACTUAL car. After you get the report you will see full resolution photos.

Tech Specs
ColorWhite Exterior
Transmission4-Speed Automatic Transmission
Drive2 wheel drive - rear

Sale Record

Sale Date
6 months ago
Latest Price
Odometer
2379 mi
Location
Memphis, TN, 38128
Year2008
ODO 4466 mi
SellerHidden text (Hidden text)
LocationMemphis, TN, 38128
Date
appeared 6 months ago
latest price $6528
sale post disappeared 2022-02-04
Price History
Sale Website Typeclassifieds
Notes
Hidden text
sale information provided by user #823223
All photos above are REAL and display ACTUAL car. After you get the report you will see full resolution photos.

Tech Specs
Body StylePickup Truck
ColorWhite
Color (Interior)Black
Transmission4-Speed Automatic
Engine4.3L V6 12V MPFI OHV
DriveRear-wheel Drive
Fuel TypeGasoline

Sale Record

Sale Date
7 months ago
Buy Now Price
Odometer
3234 mi
Location
Memphis, TN, 38128
2008 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 2WD Reg Cab Standard Bed Work Truck
Year2008
ODO 9745 mi
SellerHidden text
Buy Now Price$1446
LocationMemphis, TN, 38128
Date
ended 7 months ago
Sale Website Typedealer auction
Notes
Hidden text
sale information provided by user #641370
All photos above are REAL and display ACTUAL car. After you get the report you will see full resolution photos.

Tech Specs
Body StylePickup
ColorWhite
Color (Interior)Gray
TransmissionAutomatic
Engine6 Cylinder
DriveRWD
Fuel TypeGasoline

Standard Features
All these features are based on a model in general. This specific vehicle may differ.
  • Hidden text
  • Automatic Headlights
  • Hidden text
  • Driver Air Bag
  • Hidden text
  • Adjustable Steering Wheel
  • Hidden text
  • Brakes, 4-wheel antilock, front disc/rear drum
  • Hidden text
  • Exhaust, aluminized stainless-steel muffler and tailpipe
  • Hidden text
  • Intermittent Wipers
  • Hidden text
  • Power Steering
  • Hidden text
  • Alternator, 145 amps
  • Hidden text
  • Cup holders, front (Also includes rear cupholders on Extended and Crew Cab models.)
  • Hidden text
  • Front Reading Lamps
  • Hidden text
  • Mirrors, outside manual, Black, manual-folding
  • Hidden text
  • Audio system feature, 4-speaker system (Requires Regular Cab models.)
  • Hidden text
  • Daytime Running Lights
  • Hidden text
  • Glass, Solar-Ray light-tinted, all windows
  • Hidden text
  • Passenger Air Bag Sensor
  • Hidden text
  • Air conditioning delete provides heater only (Requires Regular Cab models)
  • Hidden text
  • Bumper, rear chrome, step-style with pad
  • Hidden text
  • Frame, hydroformed
  • Hidden text
  • Lighting, interior with dome and reading lights, illuminated entry feature and backlit instrument panel switches
  • Hidden text
  • Rear Wheel Drive
  • Hidden text
  • Suspension, rear 2-stage multi-leaf springs, semi-elliptic
  • Hidden text
  • Headlamps, dual halogen composite with automatic exterior lamp control and flash-to-pass feature
  • Hidden text
  • Pickup box, Fleetside
  • Hidden text
  • Steering wheel, includes theft-deterrent locking feature
  • Hidden text
  • Warning tones, headlamp on, key-in-ignition, driver and passenger buckle up reminder and turn signal on
  • Hidden text
  • Suspension Package, Solid Smooth Ride includes 35 mm piston twin tube shocks and 32mm front stabilizer bar
  • Hidden text
  • Wipers, front intermittent wet-arm with pulse washers
  • Hidden text
  • Requires Subscription
  • Hidden text
  • Tire Pressure Monitor
  • Hidden text
  • Steering Wheel Audio Controls
  • Hidden text
  • Tire carrier, outside spare, winch-type mounted under frame at rear

Sale Record

Sale Date
8 months ago
Buy Now Price
Odometer
8633 mi
Location
Memphis, TN, 38128
2008 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 2WD Reg Cab Standard Bed Work Truck
Year2008
ODO 6127 mi
SellerHidden text
Buy Now Price$6376
LocationMemphis, TN, 38128
Date
ended 8 months ago
Sale Website Typedealer auction
Notes
Hidden text
sale information provided by user #466443
All photos above are REAL and display ACTUAL car. After you get the report you will see full resolution photos.

Tech Specs
Body StyleTruck
ColorWhite
Color (Interior)Black
TransmissionAutomatic
Engine6 Cylinder
DriveFWD

Standard Features
All these features are based on a model in general. This specific vehicle may differ.
  • Hidden text
  • Automatic Headlights
  • Hidden text
  • Driver Air Bag
  • Hidden text
  • Headlamps, dual halogen composite with automatic exterior lamp control and flash-to-pass feature
  • Hidden text
  • Pickup box, Fleetside
  • Hidden text
  • Alternator, 145 amps
  • Hidden text
  • Cup holders, front (Also includes rear cupholders on Extended and Crew Cab models.)
  • Hidden text
  • Front Reading Lamps
  • Hidden text
  • Mirrors, outside manual, Black, manual-folding
  • Hidden text
  • Requires Subscription
  • Hidden text
  • Assist handle, front passenger (Also includes rear assist handles in the headliner on Extended and Crew Cab Models.)
  • Hidden text
  • Daytime Running Lamps, with automatic exterior lamp control
  • Hidden text
  • GVWR, 6400 lbs. (2903 kg) (Standard on C*10703, C*10903, CC10553, and CC10753 models.)
  • Hidden text
  • Passenger Air Bag
  • Hidden text
  • Satellite Radio
  • Hidden text
  • Audio system, AM/FM stereo with MP3 compatible CD player seek-and-scan, digital clock, auto-tone control, Radio Data System (RDS), speed-compensated volume and TheftLock
  • Hidden text
  • Door handles, Black
  • Hidden text
  • Grille, Black surround
  • Hidden text
  • Passenger Vanity Mirror
  • Hidden text
  • Steering column, Tilt-Wheel, adjustable with brake/transmission shift interlock
  • Hidden text
  • Visors, driver and front passenger, sliding, with clip and passenger side vanity mirror with cover, Opal Gray-colored
  • Hidden text
  • Audio system feature, 4-speaker system (Requires Regular Cab models.)
  • Hidden text
  • Daytime Running Lights
  • Hidden text
  • Glass, Solar-Ray light-tinted, all windows
  • Hidden text
  • Passenger Air Bag Sensor
  • Hidden text
  • Steering Wheel Audio Controls
  • Hidden text
  • Rear Wheel Drive
  • Hidden text
  • Telematics
  • Hidden text
  • Steering, power, rack-and-pinion
  • Hidden text
  • Wheel, 17" (43.2 cm) steel spare (spare wheel will not cosmetically match the other 4 wheels)
  • Hidden text
  • Tire Pressure Monitoring System (does not apply to spare tire)
  • Hidden text
  • Tire carrier, outside spare, winch-type mounted under frame at rear

Sale Record

Sale Date
9 months ago
Buy Now Price
Odometer
1366 mi
Location
Memphis, TN, 38128
2008 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 2WD Reg Cab Standard Bed Work Truck
Year2008
ODO 4301 mi
SellerHidden text
Buy Now Price$4543
LocationMemphis, TN, 38128
Date
ended 9 months ago
Sale Website Typedealer auction
Notes
Hidden text
sale information provided by user #60464
All photos above are REAL and display ACTUAL car. After you get the report you will see full resolution photos.

Tech Specs
Body StyleTruck
ColorWhite
Color (Interior)Black
TransmissionAutomatic
Engine6 Cylinder
DriveFWD

Standard Features
All these features are based on a model in general. This specific vehicle may differ.
  • Hidden text
  • Automatic Headlights
  • Hidden text
  • Driver Air Bag
  • Hidden text
  • ABS
  • Hidden text
  • Battery, heavy-duty 600 cold-cranking amps, maintenance-free with rundown protection and retained accessory power
  • Hidden text
  • Driver Information Center with odometer, trip odometer and message center (monitors numerous systems depending on vehicle equipment level including low fuel, turn signal "on", transmission temperature and oil change notification) (Driver Information Center controls are operated through the trip button unless (UK3) steering wheel mounted audio controls is ordered.)
  • Hidden text
  • Instrumentation, analog with speedometer, odometer, fuel level, engine temperature, and tachometer
  • Hidden text
  • Power Outlet
  • Hidden text
  • Steering, power, rack-and-pinion
  • Hidden text
  • Wheel, 17" (43.2 cm) steel spare (spare wheel will not cosmetically match the other 4 wheels)
  • Hidden text
  • Assist handle, front passenger (Also includes rear assist handles in the headliner on Extended and Crew Cab Models.)
  • Hidden text
  • Daytime Running Lamps, with automatic exterior lamp control
  • Hidden text
  • GVWR, 6400 lbs. (2903 kg) (Standard on C*10703, C*10903, CC10553, and CC10753 models.)
  • Hidden text
  • Passenger Air Bag
  • Hidden text
  • Satellite Radio
  • Hidden text
  • Tire Pressure Monitoring System (does not apply to spare tire)
  • Hidden text
  • Air bags, frontal, driver and right-front passenger with Passenger Sensing System (Always use safety belts and the correct child restraints for your childs age and size, even in vehicles equipped with air bags. Children are safer when properly secured in a rear seat. See the vehicles Owners Manual and child safety seat instructions for more safety information.)
  • Hidden text
  • Bumper, front Black (Includes Black bumper end caps.)
  • Hidden text
  • Floor covering, Black rubberized-vinyl
  • Hidden text
  • Lamps, dual cargo area lamps
  • Hidden text
  • Power outlets, 2 auxiliary instrument panel-mounted with covers, 12-volt
  • Hidden text
  • Suspension, front independent, coil over shock
  • Hidden text
  • Air conditioning delete provides heater only (Requires Regular Cab models)
  • Hidden text
  • Bumper, rear chrome, step-style with pad
  • Hidden text
  • Frame, hydroformed
  • Hidden text
  • Lighting, interior with dome and reading lights, illuminated entry feature and backlit instrument panel switches
  • Hidden text
  • Rear Wheel Drive
  • Hidden text
  • Suspension, rear 2-stage multi-leaf springs, semi-elliptic
  • Hidden text
  • Headlamps, dual halogen composite with automatic exterior lamp control and flash-to-pass feature
  • Hidden text
  • Pickup box, Fleetside
  • Hidden text
  • Steering wheel, includes theft-deterrent locking feature
  • Hidden text
  • Warning tones, headlamp on, key-in-ignition, driver and passenger buckle up reminder and turn signal on

Sale Record

Sale Date
10 months ago
Buy Now Price
Odometer
3154 mi
Location
Memphis, TN, 38128
2008 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 2WD Reg Cab Standard Bed Work Truck
Year2008
ODO 1815 mi
SellerHidden text
Buy Now Price$4802
LocationMemphis, TN, 38128
Date
ended 10 months ago
Sale Website Typedealer auction
Notes
Hidden text
sale information provided by user #764990
All photos above are REAL and display ACTUAL car. After you get the report you will see full resolution photos.

Tech Specs
Body StyleTruck
ColorWhite
Color (Interior)Black
TransmissionAutomatic
Engine6 Cylinder
Drive2 Wheel Drive

Standard Features
All these features are based on a model in general. This specific vehicle may differ.
  • Hidden text
  • Automatic Headlights
  • Hidden text
  • Driver Air Bag
  • Hidden text
  • Adjustable Steering Wheel
  • Hidden text
  • Bumper, rear chrome, step-style with pad
  • Hidden text
  • Frame, hydroformed
  • Hidden text
  • Lighting, interior with dome and reading lights, illuminated entry feature and backlit instrument panel switches
  • Hidden text
  • Alternator, 145 amps
  • Hidden text
  • Cup holders, front (Also includes rear cupholders on Extended and Crew Cab models.)
  • Hidden text
  • Front Reading Lamps
  • Hidden text
  • Air bags, frontal, driver and right-front passenger with Passenger Sensing System (Always use safety belts and the correct child restraints for your childs age and size, even in vehicles equipped with air bags. Children are safer when properly secured in a rear seat. See the vehicles Owners Manual and child safety seat instructions for more safety information.)
  • Hidden text
  • Brakes, 4-wheel antilock, front disc/rear drum
  • Hidden text
  • Exhaust, aluminized stainless-steel muffler and tailpipe
  • Hidden text
  • Intermittent Wipers
  • Hidden text
  • Power Steering
  • Hidden text
  • Mirror, inside rearview manual day/night
  • Hidden text
  • Rear Wheel Drive
  • Hidden text
  • Rear Wheel Drive
  • Hidden text
  • Suspension, rear 2-stage multi-leaf springs, semi-elliptic
  • Hidden text
  • Mirrors, outside manual, Black, manual-folding
  • Hidden text
  • Requires Subscription
  • Hidden text
  • Satellite Radio
  • Hidden text
  • Tire Pressure Monitoring System (does not apply to spare tire)
  • Hidden text
  • Steering wheel, includes theft-deterrent locking feature
  • Hidden text
  • Warning tones, headlamp on, key-in-ignition, driver and passenger buckle up reminder and turn signal on
  • Hidden text
  • Air dam, Black
  • Hidden text
  • Wheel, 17" (43.2 cm) steel spare (spare wheel will not cosmetically match the other 4 wheels)
  • Hidden text
  • Daytime Running Lights
  • Hidden text
  • Glass, Solar-Ray light-tinted, all windows
  • Hidden text
  • Passenger Air Bag Sensor
  • Hidden text
  • Steering Wheel Audio Controls
  • Hidden text
  • Tire carrier, outside spare, winch-type mounted under frame at rear

Model Analytics & Market Report

We've analyzed more than 49,500 sales records of this model and here are some numbers.
The average price for new (MSRP) 2008 CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500 in 2008 was $48,170.
The average price for used 2008 CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500 nowadays in 2024 is $10,991 which is 23% from the original price.
Estimated mileage driven per year is 10,178 miles.
For this model we also have depreciation curve, photos, list of features and options, and other analytics.
Take a look at 2008 CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500 model page in BADVIN vehicles catalog.

Depreciation

The graph below is a depreciation curve for 2008 CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500. It shows how much this model looses per year in price. This analytics is calculated using sales records from BADVIN database.
The table below shows average price for used 2008 CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500 in each year since the year of manufacturing, current year price and projected price in the future years.
You can scroll the table horizontally to see all columns.
YearAverage MileageAverage Price% Left% Lost
2008 MSRP0 mi$48,170100%0%
200810,178 mi$54,495−$6,325−13.13%113.13%-13.13%
200920,356 mi$47,998+$6,497+11.92%99.64%0.36%
201030,534 mi$43,990+$4,008+8.35%91.32%8.68%
201140,712 mi$38,605+$5,385+12.24%80.14%19.86%
201250,890 mi$35,884+$2,721+7.05%74.49%25.51%
→ Visit 2008 CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500 depreciation page to see full data.

Price vs Mileage

The graph below shows how mileage affects the price for 2008 CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500. This data was calculated using sales records from BADVIN database.
The table below shows average price for used 2008 CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500 by mileage and number of sales.
You can scroll the table horizontally to see all columns.
MileageAverage PriceSample Size
25,000 mi$18,73510 sales
35,000 mi$13,92312 sales
40,000 mi$16,99224 sales
45,000 mi$15,98825 sales
50,000 mi$14,99549 sales
55,000 mi$15,99939 sales
→ Visit 2008 CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500 depreciation page to see full data.
Get FULL ACCESS to the vehicle history report and see all blurred info.
We accept PayPal and Stripe. Money-back guarantee if not satisfied.
Read 205+ reviews from our customers who used BADVIN to avoid buying junk vehicles.

Testimonials from our customers

Ich hätte fast einen 2017 Mercedes-Benz C300 gekauft, bis der Bad Vin-Bericht zeigte, dass er als durch Überschwemmung beschädigt gemeldet wurde. Die detaillierten Schadensaufzeichnungen haben mich vor einem großen Fehler bewahrt!
As a used car dealer, I rely on badvin.org for checking every vehicle I'm considering purchasing at auction. The comprehensive reports give me peace of mind and help me avoid problem cars. Photos of past sales have saved me from overpaying many times. Worth every penny!
After a bad experience buying a used car that turned out to have major issues, I now use Bad VIN to thoroughly check every vehicle i consider. It costs a bit more than other services but the detailed records and photos of past sales are wotrh it for the added peace of mind.
Report showed a car I was considering had a prior salvage title from a major accident, even though carfax listed it as clean. Messaged seller asking about it and they made shady excuses. Def avoided a scam thanks to badvin!
Compare to other 2008 CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500
3GCEC13C98G119522-2008-chevrolet-silverado-1500
2008 CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500
a month ago, 292,205 mi
VIN 3GCEC13C98G119522
1GCVKREC4EZ278653-2014-chevrolet-silverado-1500
2014 CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500
a month ago, 101,180 mi
VIN 1GCVKREC4EZ278653
1GCVKREHXJZ235408-2018-chevrolet-silverado-1500
2018 CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500
a month ago, 98,967 mi
VIN 1GCVKREHXJZ235408
1GCPWCET7LZ238056-2020-chevrolet-silverado-1500
2020 CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500
a month ago, 72,228 mi
VIN 1GCPWCET7LZ238056
1GCNCNEH6HZ123138-2017-chevrolet-silverado-1500
2017 CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500
a month ago, 50,634 mi
VIN 1GCNCNEH6HZ123138
3GCUKREC3EG167359-2014-chevrolet-silverado-1500
2014 CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500
a month ago, 111,918 mi
VIN 3GCUKREC3EG167359
1GCRYCEH4LZ282580-2020-chevrolet-silverado-1500
2020 CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500
a month ago, 47,968 mi
VIN 1GCRYCEH4LZ282580
3GCUKRER8JG381665-2018-chevrolet-silverado-1500
2018 CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500
a month ago, 59,065 mi
VIN 3GCUKRER8JG381665
3GCUKREC4JG428945-2018-chevrolet-silverado-1500
2018 CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500
a month ago, 55,236 mi
VIN 3GCUKREC4JG428945
3GCUKREC0HG200547-2017-chevrolet-silverado-1500
2017 CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500
a month ago, 82,451 mi
VIN 3GCUKREC0HG200547
1GCNKPEX1CZ140380-2012-chevrolet-silverado-1500
2012 CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500
a month ago, 114,063 mi
VIN 1GCNKPEX1CZ140380
1GCRCSE02BZ461511-2011-chevrolet-silverado-1500
2011 CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500
a month ago, 232,991 mi
VIN 1GCRCSE02BZ461511
Other vehicles sales records
3CZRU5H53HM718685-2017-honda-hr-v
2017 HONDA HR-V
20 days ago, 50,628 mi
VIN 3CZRU5H53HM718685
2HGFC2F66KH594649-2019-honda-civic
2019 HONDA CIVIC
20 days ago, 31,865 mi
VIN 2HGFC2F66KH594649
JHLRD78843C041221-2003-honda-cr-v
2003 HONDA CR-V
20 days ago, 169,000 mi
VIN JHLRD78843C041221
JTHBK1GG3F2180016-2015-lexus-es-350
2015 LEXUS ES 350
20 days ago, 145,407 mi
VIN JTHBK1GG3F2180016
1HGCV1F19JA184405-2018-honda-accord
2018 HONDA ACCORD
20 days ago, 56,841 mi
VIN 1HGCV1F19JA184405
1C3CCCAB9GN141091-2016-chrysler-200
2016 CHRYSLER 200
20 days ago, 106,673 mi
VIN 1C3CCCAB9GN141091
1N4BL4BV9LC183004-2020-nissan-altima
2020 NISSAN ALTIMA
20 days ago, 60,260 mi
VIN 1N4BL4BV9LC183004
1FM5K8B86GGD32586-2016-ford-explorer
2016 FORD EXPLORER
20 days ago, 88,910 mi
VIN 1FM5K8B86GGD32586
3KPF24ADXNE455207-2022-kia-forte
2022 KIA FORTE
20 days ago, 34,238 mi
VIN 3KPF24ADXNE455207
KNDJ23AU5N7811549-2022-kia-soul
2022 KIA SOUL
20 days ago, 31,389 mi
VIN KNDJ23AU5N7811549
KMHTH6AB3LU032037-2020-hyundai-veloster
2020 HYUNDAI VELOSTER
20 days ago, 59,780 mi
VIN KMHTH6AB3LU032037
4S4BSACCXH3285472-2017-subaru-outback
2017 SUBARU OUTBACK
20 days ago, 55,674 mi
VIN 4S4BSACCXH3285472
Frequently asked questions
The report may provide details about regular maintenance and services performed on the 2008 CHEVROLET vehicle, which is crucial for assessing its current condition, if such information is recorded.
Regulatory changes can affect what is included on future Monroney labels, particularly as governments implement new requirements for transparency in vehicle pricing, fuel efficiency, and safety.
Our reports may include information on any past recalls issued for 2008 CHEVROLET vehicles, detailing the nature of the recall and whether it was addressed, if data is available.
Stolen or repossessed status, if recorded, can affect the 2008 CHEVROLET vehicle’s legal and financial status, impacting its marketability and insurability.
Dismantled status, if noted, shows the vehicle has been taken apart for parts or salvage, significantly impacting the 2008 CHEVROLET's value and functionality.
To possibly get a vehicle history report by VIN, you can enter the VIN on our website's search tool; the availability and detail of the report will depend on the data accessible for that specific VIN.
Sales descriptions may provide detailed narratives of the 2008 CHEVROLET vehicle’s features and condition at the time of each sale, highlighting potential changes and upgrades, depending on available data.
The last known odometer reading, if recorded, is noted in our reports, providing a snapshot of the 2008 CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500's usage up to that point.
Yes, a VIN decoder can often determine if specific safety technologies are equipped on a 2008 CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500 based on the trim and optional equipment codes within the VIN.
The information on vehicles provided here is supplied by third parties; BADVIN.ORG is not responsible for the accuracy of any information. BADVIN.ORG provides all service and materials without representations or warranties of any kind, either expressed or implied. Use BADVIN search and reports along with certified vehicle inspection and test drive. See Terms of Use for more details. All other logos, brands and designated trademarks are the property of their respective holders.