![1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-0](https://i3.badvin.org/5ced8cd9ac49dd018550f675/1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-0-6f0557.jpg?uid=gst5ced8cd9ac49dd018550f675)
2018 JEEP WRANGLER JK UNLIMITEDVIN: 1C4BJWDG8JL866643
![](/img/stickers/chrysler.jpg)
Historical Records
40,000 mile service performed
Vehicle declared a total loss by an insurance company
Collision damage reported
Window Sticker
- Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price (MSRP)
- Engine and Transmission Specifications
- Equipment, Packages, and Extra Features
- Fuel Economy Rating
- Other Information
![](/img/stickers/chrysler.jpg)
Year | 2018 |
ODO | 8889 mi |
Seller | Hidden text (Hidden text) |
Location | Cleburne, TX, 76033 |
Date | appeared a month ago latest price $8658 sale post disappeared 2023-09-04 |
Sale Website Type | classifieds |
Notes | |
Hidden text |
![1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-0](https://i5.badvin.org/66448bc9a359985d493ed418/1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-0.jpg)
![1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-1](https://i5.badvin.org/66448bc9a359985d493ed425/1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-1.jpg)
![1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-2](https://i5.badvin.org/66448bc9a359985d493ed433/1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-2.jpg)
Body Style | SUV |
Color | Bright White Clearcoat |
Color (Interior) | Black |
Transmission | 5-Speed Automatic |
Engine | 3.6L V6 24V MPFI DOHC |
Drive | Four-wheel Drive |
Fuel Type | Gasoline |
- 4-wheel ABS Brakes
- Hidden text
- Auxilliary engine cooler
- Hidden text
- Cloth Seats w/Adjustable Head Restraints
- Hidden text
- Diameter of tires: 16.0"
- Hidden text
- Electronic stability control
- Hidden text
- Front Head Room: 41.3"
- Hidden text
- Fuel Type: Regular unleaded
- Hidden text
- Manual child safety locks
- Hidden text
- Normal Duty Suspension
- Hidden text
- Privacy glass: Light
- Hidden text
- Rear door type: Conventional
- Hidden text
- Split folding rear seat
- Hidden text
- Tire Pressure Monitoring System
- Hidden text
- Two 12V DC power outlets
- Hidden text
- Wheelbase: 116.0"
- 5760
- 8 Speakers
- Hidden text
- Black bumpers
- Hidden text
- Cloth seat upholstery
- Hidden text
- Digital Audio Input
- Hidden text
- Engine Immobilizer
- Hidden text
- Front Hip Room: 55.6"
- Hidden text
- Gross vehicle weight: 5,400 lbs.
- Hidden text
- Manual convertible roof
- Hidden text
- Occupant Sensing Airbag
- Hidden text
- R1234YF A/C Refrigerant
- Hidden text
- Regular front stabilizer bar
- Hidden text
- Split rear bench
- Hidden text
- Tires: Prefix: P
- Hidden text
- Type of tires: AT
- Hidden text
- 4 Door
- Hidden text
- Audio controls on steering wheel
- Hidden text
- Center Console: Full with locking storage
- Hidden text
- Cupholders: Front and rear
- Hidden text
- Dual Front Impact Airbags
- Hidden text
- Front Center Armrest w/Storage
- Hidden text
- Fuel Consumption: City: 16 mpg
- Hidden text
- Low Tire Pressure Warning
- Hidden text
- Metal-look door trim
- Hidden text
- Passenger Vanity Mirror
- Hidden text
- Rear Stabilizer Bar: Regular
- Hidden text
- Spare Tire Mount Location: Outside rear
- Hidden text
- Tilt steering wheel
- Hidden text
- Transmission hill holder
- Hidden text
- Wheel Diameter: 16
- 2619
- AM/FM Radio
- Hidden text
- Braking Assist
- Hidden text
- Compass
- Hidden text
- Driver Door Bin
- Hidden text
- Floor mats: Carpet front and rear
- Hidden text
- Front ventilated disc brakes
- Hidden text
- Instrumentation: Low fuel level
- Hidden text
- Manual passenger mirror adjustment
- Hidden text
- Overall Width: 73.7"
- Hidden text
- Rear Head Room: 40.4"
- Hidden text
- Seatback storage: 2
- Hidden text
- Steering Wheel Mounted Audio Controls
- Hidden text
- Tires: Width: 225 mm
- Hidden text
- Variable intermittent front wipers
- Hidden text
- 3.21 Rear Axle Ratio
- Hidden text
- Audio Jack Input for Mobile Devices
- Hidden text
- Cargo tie downs
- Hidden text
- Cruise controls on steering wheel
- Hidden text
- Driver airbag
- Hidden text
- Front Bucket Seats
- Hidden text
- Fuel Capacity: 22.5 gal.
- Hidden text
- Left rear passenger door type: Conventional
- Hidden text
- Metal-look dash trim
- Hidden text
- Passenger Door Bin
- Hidden text
- Rear Shoulder Room: 56.8"
- Hidden text
- SiriusXM Satellite Radio
- Hidden text
- Tachometer
- Hidden text
- Trailing arm rear suspension
- Hidden text
- Video Monitor Location: Front
Year | 2018 |
ODO | 7289 mi |
Seller | Hidden text (Hidden text) |
Location | Fort Worth, TX, 76140 |
Date | appeared 2 years ago latest price $7652 sale post disappeared 2019-08-25 |
Sale Website Type | classifieds |
Notes | |
Hidden text |
![1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-0](https://i4.badvin.org/62766d7e33e1450881a90d5d/1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-0.jpg)
![1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-1](https://i4.badvin.org/62766d7e33e1450881a90d63/1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-1.jpg)
![1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-2](https://i4.badvin.org/62766d7e33e1450881a90d73/1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-2.jpg)
Body Style | SUV |
Color | Bright White Clearcoat |
Color (Interior) | Black |
Transmission | 5-Speed Automatic |
Engine | 3.6L V6 24V MPFI DOHC |
Drive | Four-wheel Drive |
Fuel Type | Gasoline |
- 115V Auxiliary Power Outlet
- 1691
- AM/FM Stereo
- Hidden text
- BF Goodrich Brand Tires
- Hidden text
- Braking Assist
- Hidden text
- Cloth seat upholstery
- Hidden text
- Cupholders: Front and rear
- Hidden text
- Driver Door Bin
- Hidden text
- External temperature display
- Hidden text
- Front 1-Touch Down Power Windows
- Hidden text
- Front Shoulder Room: 55.8"
- Hidden text
- Gross vehicle weight: 5,400 lbs.
- Hidden text
- Leading link front suspension
- Hidden text
- Manual front air conditioning
- Hidden text
- Mopar black tail lamp guards
- Hidden text
- Oscar Mike Badge
- Hidden text
- Passenger Vanity Mirror
- Hidden text
- R1234YF A/C Refrigerant
- Hidden text
- Rear Window Defroster
- Hidden text
- Seatback storage: 2
- Hidden text
- Split folding rear seat
- Hidden text
- Tilt steering wheel
- Hidden text
- Total Number of Speakers: 8
- Hidden text
- UConnect voice command w/Bluetooth
- Hidden text
- Wheel Width: 7
- 4024
- ABS Brakes
- Hidden text
- Auto-Dimming Mirror w/Reading Lamp
- Hidden text
- Body color fender flares
- Hidden text
- Class II Receiver Hitch
- Hidden text
- Convertible occupant rollover protection
- Hidden text
- Digital Audio Input
- Hidden text
- Dual Vanity Mirrors
- Hidden text
- Freedom Package Decals
- Hidden text
- Front Head Room: 41.3"
- Hidden text
- Fuel Consumption: City: 16 mpg
- Hidden text
- Integrated Roll-Over Protection
- Hidden text
- Manual child safety locks
- Hidden text
- Metal-look dash trim
- Hidden text
- Non-independent front suspension classification
- Hidden text
- Pantone Trail Rated Badge
- Hidden text
- Premium Black Sunrider Soft Top
- Hidden text
- Rear Leg Room: 37.2"
- Hidden text
- Remote Keyless Entry
- Hidden text
- SiriusXM Satellite Radio
- Hidden text
- Sunrider Soft Top
- Hidden text
- Tires: Profile: 75
- Hidden text
- Trip Computer
- Hidden text
- Vehicle information center
- Hidden text
- 4-Wheel Disc Brakes
- Hidden text
- Anti-Spin Differential Rear Axle
- Hidden text
- Black Jeep Grille Badge
- Hidden text
- CD Player
- Hidden text
- Coil rear spring
- Hidden text
- Dana 44/226MM rear axle
- Hidden text
- Driver Vanity Mirror
- Hidden text
- Floor mats: Carpet front and rear
- Hidden text
- Front Bucket Seats
- Hidden text
- Front and rear suspension stabilizer bars
- Hidden text
- Heavy Duty Suspension w/Gas Shocks
- Hidden text
- Left rear passenger door type: Conventional
- Hidden text
- Manufacturer's 0-60mph acceleration time (seconds): 7.1 s
- Hidden text
- Mopar HD rear bumper
- Hidden text
- Overall Length: 184.9"
- Hidden text
- Power Heated Mirrors
- Hidden text
- Rear Anti-Roll Bar
- Hidden text
- Rear center seatbelt: 3-point belt
- Hidden text
- Security alarm
- Hidden text
- Stability controll with anti-roll
- Hidden text
- Tire pressure monitoring display
- Hidden text
- Trailer tow w/4-pin connector wiring
- Hidden text
- Urethane steering wheel trim
- Hidden text
- Wheels: 17 X 7.5 Low Gloss Granite Crystal
- 8891
- AM/FM Radio
- Hidden text
- Auxilliary engine cooler
- Hidden text
- Brake Assist
- Hidden text
- Cloth Seats w/Adjustable Head Restraints
- Hidden text
- Cruise controls on steering wheel
- Hidden text
- Door reinforcement: Side-impact door beam
- Hidden text
- Engine Immobilizer
- Hidden text
- Freedom Top Hard Top Headliner
- Hidden text
- Front Leg Room: 41.0"
- Hidden text
- Fuel Type: Regular unleaded
- Hidden text
- Jeep Trail Rated Kit
- Hidden text
- Manual driver mirror adjustment
- Hidden text
- Mid Gloss Granite Crystal Grille
- Hidden text
- Occupant Sensing Airbag
- Hidden text
- Passenger Door Bin
- Hidden text
- QUICK ORDER PACKAGE 24F FREEDOM EDITION
- Hidden text
- Rear Stabilizer Bar: Regular
- Hidden text
- Rigid axle rear suspension
- Hidden text
- Speed control
- Hidden text
- Tachometer
- Hidden text
- Tires: Width: 225 mm
- Hidden text
- Type of tires: AT
- Hidden text
- Wheel Diameter: 16
Year | 2018 |
ODO | 3670 mi |
Seller | Hidden text (Hidden text) |
Location | Granbury, TX, 76049 |
Date | appeared 4 years ago latest price $6322 sale post disappeared 2021-07-24 |
Price History | |
Sale Website Type | classifieds |
Notes | |
Hidden text |
![1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-0](https://i3.badvin.org/5e5cbbf13d60563a6b1b5d93/1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-0.jpg)
![1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-1](https://i3.badvin.org/5e5cbbf13d60563a6b1b5da6/1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-1.jpg)
![1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-2](https://i3.badvin.org/5e5cbbf13d60563a6b1b5db6/1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-2.jpg)
Body Style | SUV |
Color | Bright White Clearcoat |
Color (Interior) | Black |
Transmission | 5-Speed Automatic |
Engine | 3.6L V6 24V MPFI DOHC |
Drive | 4WD |
Fuel Type | Gasoline |
- Hidden text
- Cloth Seats w/Adjustable Head Restraints
- Hidden text
- Air Conditioning
- Hidden text
- Front Anti-Roll Bar
- Hidden text
- Passenger Door Bin,16 X 7.0 Luxury Styled Steel Wheels
- Hidden text
- Speed control
- Hidden text
- ABS Brakes
- Hidden text
- Brake Assist
- Hidden text
- Rear Anti-Roll Bar
- Hidden text
- CD Player
- Hidden text
- Driver Vanity Mirror
- Hidden text
- Tilt steering wheel
- Hidden text
- Front Center Armrest w/Storage
- Hidden text
- Front Fog Lights
- Hidden text
- Normal Duty Suspension
- Hidden text
- Occupant Sensing Airbag
- Hidden text
- Radio: 130
- Hidden text
- Sunrider Soft Top,8 Speakers
- Audio controls on steering wheel
- Hidden text
- Convertible occupant rollover protection
- Hidden text
- Front Shoulder Room: 5
- Hidden text
- Instrumentation: Low fuel level
- Hidden text
- ABS Traction Control
- Hidden text
- Cloth seat upholstery
- Hidden text
- External temperature display
- Hidden text
- Fuel Consumption: Highway: 21 mpg
- Hidden text
- Manual passenger mirror adjustment
- Hidden text
- Power Steering
- Hidden text
- Stability controll with anti-roll
- Hidden text
- AM/FM Stereo
- Hidden text
- Coil rear spring
- Hidden text
- Front Head Room: 41.3"
- Hidden text
- Gross vehicle weight: 5,400 lbs.
- Hidden text
- Braking Assist
- Hidden text
- Cruise controls on steering wheel
- Hidden text
- Front and rear suspension stabilizer bars
- Hidden text
- Auxilliary engine cooler
- Hidden text
- Compass
- Hidden text
- Front Leg Room: 41.0"
- Hidden text
- In-Dash single CD player
- Hidden text
- Metal-look dash trim
- Hidden text
- Rear Leg Room: 37.2"
- Hidden text
- Tachometer
- Hidden text
- Passenger Airbag
- Hidden text
- Split rear bench
- Hidden text
- Urethane shift knob trim
- Hidden text
- Urethane steering wheel trim
- Hidden text
- Trip Computer
- Hidden text
- Manual convertible roof
- Hidden text
- Max cargo capacity: 71 cu.ft.
- Hidden text
- Overall Width: 73.7"
- Hidden text
- Rear Head Room: 40.4"
- Hidden text
- Silver styled steel rims
- Hidden text
- Steel spare wheel rim
- Hidden text
- Variable intermittent front wipers
- Hidden text
- Suspension class: Regular
- Hidden text
- Vehicle Emissions: ULEV II
Year | 2018 |
ODO | 1734 mi |
Seller | Hidden text (Hidden text) |
Location | Granbury, TX, 76049 |
Date | appeared 5 years ago latest price $3874 sale post disappeared 2022-04-30 |
Price History | |
Sale Website Type | classifieds |
Notes | |
Hidden text |
![1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-0](https://i3.badvin.org/5d968c9e395a675874db703e/1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-0.jpg)
![1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-1](https://i3.badvin.org/5d968c9e395a675874db7041/1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-1.jpg)
![1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-2](https://i3.badvin.org/5d968c9e395a675874db7043/1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-2.jpg)
Body Style | SUV |
Color | Bright White Clearcoat |
Color (Interior) | Black |
Transmission | 5-Speed Automatic |
Engine | 3.6L V6 24V MPFI DOHC |
Drive | 4WD |
Fuel Type | Gasoline |
- Air Conditioning
- Hidden text
- Front Center Armrest w/Storage
- Hidden text
- AM/FM Radio
- Hidden text
- Front Bucket Seats
- Hidden text
- R1234YF A/C Refrigerant
- Hidden text
- Audio Jack Input for Mobile Devices
- Hidden text
- Electronic stability control
- Hidden text
- Passenger Door Bin,16 X 7.0 Luxury Styled Steel Wheels
- Hidden text
- Brake Assist
- Hidden text
- ABS Brakes
- Hidden text
- Dual Front Impact Airbags
- Hidden text
- Outside temperature display
- Hidden text
- Tilt steering wheel
- Hidden text
- Sunrider Soft Top,8 Speakers
- Hidden text
- Front Anti-Roll Bar
- Hidden text
- Passenger Vanity Mirror
- Hidden text
- Variably Intermittent Wipers,3.21 Rear Axle Ratio,
- AM/FM Stereo
- Hidden text
- Body-Colored Grille
- Hidden text
- Cruise control,4-wheel ABS Brakes
- Hidden text
- Front ventilated disc brakes
- Hidden text
- Leading link front suspension
- Hidden text
- Non-independent front suspension classification
- Hidden text
- Regular front stabilizer bar
- Hidden text
- Automatic locking hubs
- Hidden text
- Coil rear spring
- Hidden text
- Front Head Room: 41.3"
- Hidden text
- Gross vehicle weight: 5,400 lbs.
- Hidden text
- Clock: In-radio display
- Hidden text
- Dual Vanity Mirrors
- Hidden text
- Urethane steering wheel trim
- Hidden text
- Front Shoulder Room: 5
- Hidden text
- Overall Width: 73.7"
- Hidden text
- Fuel Consumption: City: 16 mpg
- Hidden text
- Suspension class: Regular
- Hidden text
- Vehicle Emissions: ULEV II
- Hidden text
- Braking Assist
- Hidden text
- Instrumentation: Low fuel level
- Hidden text
- Metal-look door trim
- Hidden text
- Center Console: Full with locking storage
- Hidden text
- Compass
- Hidden text
- Rear Stabilizer Bar: Regular
- Hidden text
- Fold forward seatback rear seats
- Hidden text
- Front Leg Room: 41.0"
- Hidden text
- Front and rear suspension stabilizer bars
- Hidden text
- Fuel Capacity: 22.5 gal.
- Hidden text
- Fuel Type: Regular unleaded
- Hidden text
- MP3 Player
- Hidden text
- Manufacturer's 0-60mph acceleration time (seconds): 7.1 s
- Hidden text
- Overall Length: 184.9"
- Hidden text
- Privacy glass: Light
- Hidden text
- Rigid axle rear suspension
- Hidden text
- Steel spare wheel rim
- Hidden text
- Total Number of Speakers: 8
- Hidden text
- Variable intermittent front wipers
- Hidden text
- Wheelbase: 116.0"
Sale Record
Year | 2018 |
ODO | 8267 mi |
Seller | Hidden text |
Location | Dallas, TX, 75228 |
Date | ended 5 years ago |
Sale Website Type | dealer auction |
![1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-0](https://i3.badvin.org/5ced8cd9ac49dd018550f675/1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-0.jpg?uid=gst5ced8cd9ac49dd018550f675)
![1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-1](https://i3.badvin.org/5ced8cd9ac49dd018550f690/1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-1.jpg?uid=gst5ced8cd9ac49dd018550f690)
![1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-2](https://i3.badvin.org/5ced8cd9ac49dd018550f6a9/1C4BJWDG8JL866643-2018-jeep-wrangler-jk-unlimited-2.jpg?uid=gst5ced8cd9ac49dd018550f6a9)
Body Style | MPV |
Color | White |
Transmission | Automatic |
Engine | 6 Cylinder |
Drive | 4 Wheel Drive |
Fuel Type | Gasoline |
VIN Decoder — 46 records
Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) means a portion of a service brake system that automatically controls the degree of rotational wheel slip during braking by: (1) Sensing the rate of angular rotation of the wheels; (2) Transmitting signals regarding the rate of wheel angular rotation to one or more controlling devices that interpret those signals and generate responsive controlling output signals; and (3) Transmitting those controlling signals to one or more modulator devices that adjust brake actuating forces in response to those signals.
ESC is a computerized technology that improves a vehicle's stability by detecting and reducing loss of traction (skidding). When ESC detects loss of steering control, it automatically applies the brakes to help steer the vehicle in the driver's intended direction. Braking is automatically applied to wheels individually, such as the outer front wheel to counter oversteer, or the inner rear wheel to counter understeer. Some ESC systems also reduce engine power until control is regained.
When the traction control computer detects a driven wheel or wheels spinning significantly faster than another, it invokes an electronic control unit to apply brake friction to wheels spinning due to loss of traction. This braking action on slipping wheels will cause power transfer to the wheels with traction due to the mechanical action within the differential.
Engine displacement (in cubic centimeters) is the volume swept by all the pistons inside the cylinders of a reciprocating engine in a single movement from top dead center to bottom dead center.
Engine displacement (in cubic inches) is the volume swept by all the pistons inside the cylinders of a reciprocating engine in a single movement from top dead center to bottom dead center.
Engine displacement (in liters) is the volume swept by all the pistons inside the cylinders of a reciprocating engine in a single movement from top dead center to bottom dead center.
Engine brake is the horsepower (hp) at the engine output shaft. Engine Brake (hp) From is the lower value of the range.
Engine configuration defines how engine cylinders are arranged. Common values are V6 for V-shaped arrangement, I4 or L4 for in-line arrangement.
This is a numerical field to store the number of cylinders in an engine. Common values for passenger cars are 4 or 6.
Body Class presents the body type based on 49 CFR 565.12(b): "Body type means the general configuration or shape of a vehicle distinguished by such characteristics as the number of doors or windows, cargo-carrying features and the roofline (e.g., sedan, fastback, hatchback)." Definitions are not provided for individual body types in the regulation.
Curb weight (in pounds) is the total weight of a vehicle with standard equipment, all necessary operating consumables such as motor oil, transmission oil, coolant, air conditioning refrigerant, and a full tank of fuel, while not loaded with either passengers or cargo.
Gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) is the maximum operating weight of a vehicle including the vehicle's chassis, body, engine, engine fluids, fuel, accessories, driver, passengers and cargo, but excluding that of the trailers. Per 49 CFR 565.15, Class 1 is further broken down to Class A-D; Class 2 is further broken down to Class E-H. This field captures the lower bound of GVWR range for the vehicle.
Base price of the vehicle is the cost of a new vehicle with only the standard equipment and factory warranty. It is the cost without any optional packages.
Per 49 CFR 565, Model means a name that a manufacturer applies to a family of vehicles of the same type, make, line, series and body type.
If the model year (MY) is supplied when the VIN is decoded, such as from a crash report or a vehicle registration record, the MY value will be the supplied MY, even if the MY decoded from the VIN differs from the supplied MY. If the MY is not supplied when the VIN is decoded, the MY value will be decoded from the 10th character in the VIN.
This data element captures the city of the manufacturing plant where the manufacturer affixes the VIN.
This data element captures the name of the company that owns the manufacturing plant where the manufacturer affixes the VIN.
This data element captures the country of the manufacturing plant where the manufacturer affixes the VIN.
This data element captures the State or Province name within the Plant Country of the manufacturing plant where the manufacturer affixes the VIN.
Per 49 CFR 565, Series means a name that a manufacturer applies to a subdivision of a "line" denoting price, size or weight identification and that is used by the manufacturer for marketing purposes.