BADVIN vehicle history report for
2021 KIA SPORTAGEVIN: KNDPNCAC7M7855950
Get FULL ACCESS to the vehicle history report and see all blurred info.
⭐ Read 206+ reviews from our customers who used BADVIN to avoid buying junk vehicles.
Historical Records
events
Window Sticker
PDF found
Photos
48 images
Sales History
4 records
Sale Prices
4 records
Market report
Price analytics
Historical Records
Historical records may include service and maintenance records, title status (clean, junk, salvage), insurance records, number of owners, registration events and states, and other information.
You can find more information about historical records in BADVIN reports and see more examples here.
Available historical records for VIN KNDPNCAC7M7855950
Latest reported mileage: 581 mi
Below you can see some examples of what these records could look like.
2023-09-25
9 months ago
138,884 mi
Fire damage reported: minor damage
Vandalism damage reported
Damage to front
Vandalism damage reported
Damage to front
2022-06-16
2 years ago
22,702 mi
Vehicle serviced
Maintenance inspection completed
Maintenance inspection completed
2020-06-07
4 years ago
43,177 mi
SALVAGE TITLE/CERTIFICATE ISSUED
Window Sticker
A PDF of a window sticker is available for VIN KNDPNCAC7M7855950.
Also called Monroney label, it's a label required in the United States to be displayed in all new automobiles.
It may include certain official information about the car such as:
- Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price (MSRP)
- Engine and Transmission Specifications
- Equipment, Packages, and Extra Features
- Fuel Economy Rating
- Other Information
Read more about window stickers and see some examples here.
Year | 2021 |
ODO | 714 mi |
Seller | Hidden text (Hidden text) |
MSRP | $3103 |
Location | Sheboygan, WI, 53081 |
Date | appeared 3 years ago latest price $2941 sale post disappeared 2023-03-11 |
Sale Website Type | classifieds |
Notes | |
Hidden text |
sale information provided by user #130836
All photos above are REAL and display ACTUAL car. After you get the report you will see full resolution photos.
Tech Specs
Body Style | SUV |
Color | Sparkling Silver |
Color (Interior) | Black |
Transmission | 6-Speed Automatic |
Engine | 2.4L I4 16V GDI DOHC |
Drive | All-wheel Drive |
Fuel Type | Gasoline |
Standard Features
All these features are based on a model in general. This specific vehicle may differ.
- 8087
- 4 Door
- 9288
- 4-Wheel Disc Brakes
- 7959
- ABS Brakes
- Hidden text
- Audio controls on steering wheel
- Hidden text
- Android Auto & Apple Carplay Smartphone Integration
- Hidden text
- Bluetooth Wireless Phone Connectivity
- Hidden text
- Clock: In-dash
- Hidden text
- Cupholders: Front and rear
- Hidden text
- Digital Audio Input
- Hidden text
- Coil front spring
- Hidden text
- Curb weight: 3,448 lbs.
- Hidden text
- Door pockets: Driver, passenger and rear
- Hidden text
- Driver And Passenger Heated-Cushion, Driver And Passenger Heated-Seatback
- Hidden text
- Forward Collision Mitigation : Forward Collision-Avoidance Assist-Ped (FCA-Ped)
- Hidden text
- Front Bucket Seats
- Hidden text
- Front Hip Room: 54.3"
- Hidden text
- Front Leg Room: 41.5"
- Hidden text
- Front reading lights
- Hidden text
- Fully Automatic Headlights
- Hidden text
- Heated Steering Wheel
- Hidden text
- Heated & cooled front seats
- Hidden text
- Interior air filtration
- Hidden text
- Leather shift knob
- Hidden text
- Left rear passenger door type: Conventional
- Hidden text
- Low Tire Pressure Warning
- Hidden text
- Multi-Link Rear Suspension
- Hidden text
- Overall Width: 73.0"
- Hidden text
- Panic alarm
- Hidden text
- Permanent Locking Hubs
- Hidden text
- Power Driver Seat
- Hidden text
- Rear Anti-Roll Bar
- Hidden text
- Rear seat center armrest
- Hidden text
- Rear seats center armrest
- Hidden text
- Radio: AM/FM/SiriusXM Audio System
- Hidden text
- Rear Leg Room: 38.2"
- Hidden text
- Stability Control
- Hidden text
- Tachometer
- Hidden text
- Tire Pressure Monitoring System: Tire specific
- Hidden text
- Total Number of Speakers: 6
- Hidden text
- Turn signal in mirrors
- Hidden text
- Spare Tire Mount Location: Inside under cargo
- Hidden text
- Suspension class: Regular
- Hidden text
- Tilt and telescopic steering wheel
- Hidden text
- Turn Signal Indicator Mirrors
- Hidden text
- Wheelbase: 105.1"
- 7482
- ABS And Driveline Traction Control
- Hidden text
- Auto High-Beam Headlights
- Hidden text
- Brake Assist
- Hidden text
- Coil rear spring
- Hidden text
- Door reinforcement: Side-impact door beam
- Hidden text
- Dusk sensing headlights
- Hidden text
- Four-wheel independent suspension
- Hidden text
- Front Shoulder Room: 57.1"
- Hidden text
- Gross vehicle weight: 4,740 lbs.
- Hidden text
- Heated passenger mirror
- Hidden text
- LED interior lighting
- Hidden text
- Machined aluminum rims w/ painted accents
- Hidden text
- Overall height: 65.2"
- Hidden text
- Piano black dash trim
- Hidden text
- Privacy glass: Deep
- Hidden text
- Rear Shoulder Room: 55.1"
- Hidden text
- Rear spoiler: Lip
- Hidden text
- Security System
- Hidden text
- Steel spare wheel rim
- Hidden text
- Tires: Prefix: P
- Hidden text
- Type of tires: AS
- Hidden text
- 2 Usb Ports
- 2462
- AM/FM Stereo
- Hidden text
- Automatic Temperature Control
- Hidden text
- Bucket Front Seats
- Hidden text
- Cruise controls on steering wheel
- Hidden text
- Driver Vanity Mirror
- Hidden text
- Electronic parking brake (EPB)
- Hidden text
- Front Anti-Roll Bar
- Hidden text
- Front and rear suspension stabilizer bars
- Hidden text
- Hands-Free Auto-Opening Trunk/Liftgate
- Hidden text
- Illuminated door sill plates
- Hidden text
- Leather Seat Trim
- Hidden text
- Manufacturer's 0-60mph acceleration time (seconds): 7.1 s
- Hidden text
- Overhead console
- Hidden text
- Power Door Mirrors
- Hidden text
- Radio: AM/FM Audio System
- Hidden text
- Rear view camera
- Hidden text
- Remote Keyless Entry
- Hidden text
- Smart Cruise Control W/Stop & Go
- Hidden text
- Strut front suspension
- Hidden text
- Tires: Speed Rating: H
- Hidden text
- Variably Intermittent Wipers
- Hidden text
- 6 Speakers
- Hidden text
- APPLE CARPLAY & ANDROID AUTO MIRRORING
- Hidden text
- Blind-Spot Collision Warning
- Hidden text
- Carpet floor mats
- Hidden text
- Delay-Off Headlights
- Hidden text
- Dual front side impact airbags
- Hidden text
- External temperature display
- Hidden text
- Front Fog Lights
- Hidden text
- Fuel Consumption: City: 21 mpg
- Hidden text
- Heated Front Bucket Seats
- Hidden text
- Instrumentation: Low fuel level
- Hidden text
- Leatherette Seat Trim
- Hidden text
- Occupant Sensing Airbag
- Hidden text
- Passenger Airbag
- Hidden text
- Power remote driver mirror adjustment
- Hidden text
- Rear Head Room: 39.1"
- Hidden text
- Rear center seatbelt: 3-point belt
- Hidden text
- Roof Rack: Rails Only
- Hidden text
- Speed-proportional electric power steering
- Hidden text
- Three 12V DC power outlets
- Hidden text
- Transmission hill holder
- Hidden text
- Wheel Diameter: 18
Year | 2021 |
ODO | 716 mi |
Seller | Hidden text (Hidden text) |
MSRP | $7014 |
Location | Sheboygan, WI, 53081 |
Date | appeared 3 years ago latest price $1830 sale post disappeared 2024-03-11 |
Price History | |
Sale Website Type | classifieds |
Notes | |
Hidden text |
sale information provided by user #930522
All photos above are REAL and display ACTUAL car. After you get the report you will see full resolution photos.
Tech Specs
Body Style | SUV |
Color | Sparkling Silver |
Color (Interior) | Black |
Transmission | 6-Speed Automatic |
Engine | 2.4L I4 16V GDI DOHC |
Drive | AWD |
Fuel Type | Gasoline |
Extra Features
- Hidden text
- Auto High-Beam Headlights
- Hidden text
- Driver Door Bin
- Hidden text
- Front & Rear Park Assist System
- Hidden text
- Heated Front Seats
- Hidden text
- Occupant Sensing Airbag
- Hidden text
- Power Steering
- Hidden text
- Android Auto & Apple Carplay Smartphone Integration,8 Audio Touchscreen & Rear Camera
- Hidden text
- Bumpers: Body-Color
- Hidden text
- Electronic stability control
- Hidden text
- Heated & cooled front seats
- Hidden text
- Leatherette Seat Trim
- Hidden text
- Auto-Dimming Rear-View Mirror W/Homelink & Compass
- Hidden text
- Driver Vanity Mirror
- Hidden text
- Front Anti-Roll Bar
- Hidden text
- Heated Steering Wheel
- Hidden text
- Outside temperature display
- Hidden text
- Radio: AM/FM Audio System
- Hidden text
- Speed control
- Hidden text
- Ventilated Front Seats
- Hidden text
- Axle Ratio: 3.195
- Hidden text
- Dual front side impact airbags
- Hidden text
- Front Center Armrest
- Hidden text
- Illuminated entry
- Hidden text
- Overhead console
- Hidden text
- Rear Anti-Roll Bar
- Hidden text
- Split folding rear seat
- Hidden text
- Apple CarPlay & Android Auto
- Hidden text
- Delay-Off Headlights
- Hidden text
- Four Wheel Independent Suspension
- Hidden text
- Heated Front Bucket Seats
- Hidden text
- Navigation
- Hidden text
- Power Driver Seat
- Hidden text
- Security System
- Hidden text
- Turn Signal Indicator Mirrors
- Hidden text
- Steering Wheel Mounted Audio Controls
- Hidden text
- Overhead Airbag
- Hidden text
- Radio: AM/FM/SiriusXM Audio System
- Hidden text
- Speed-Sensing Steering
- Hidden text
- Wireless Charging Pad
Standard Features
All these features are based on a model in general. This specific vehicle may differ.
- Hidden text
- Cargo area light
- Hidden text
- Dusk sensing headlights
- Hidden text
- Headlights off auto delay
- Hidden text
- Manufacturer's 0-60mph acceleration time (seconds): 7.1 s
- Hidden text
- Privacy glass: Deep
- Hidden text
- Speed-proportional electric power steering
- Hidden text
- Audio controls on steering wheel
- Hidden text
- Coil front spring
- Hidden text
- Fold forward seatback rear seats
- Hidden text
- Heated passenger mirror
- Hidden text
- Passenger Airbag
- Hidden text
- Rear bench
- Hidden text
- Automatic front air conditioning
- Hidden text
- Digital Audio Input
- Hidden text
- Fuel Capacity: 16.4 gal.
- Hidden text
- Leather shift knob trim
- Hidden text
- Power remote driver mirror adjustment
- Hidden text
- Remote activated exterior entry lights
- Hidden text
- AM/FM Stereo
- Hidden text
- Cruise controls on steering wheel
- Hidden text
- Front fog/driving lights
- Hidden text
- Instrumentation: Low fuel level
- Hidden text
- Piano black door trim
- Hidden text
- Rear spoiler: Lip
- Hidden text
- Tilt and telescopic steering wheel
- Hidden text
- Driver And Passenger Heated-Seatback
- Hidden text
- Braking Assist
- Hidden text
- Dual front air conditioning zones
- Hidden text
- Fuel Consumption: Highway: 25 mpg
- Hidden text
- Leatherette seat upholstery
- Hidden text
- Power retractable mirrors
- Hidden text
- Roof rails
- Hidden text
- Turn signal in mirrors
- Hidden text
- Video Monitor Location: Front
- Hidden text
- Suspension class: Regular
- Hidden text
- Wheel Width: 7
- Hidden text
- Wheel Diameter: 18
Year | 2021 |
ODO | 417 mi |
Seller | Hidden text (Hidden text) |
MSRP | $8493 |
Location | Sheboygan, WI, 53081 |
Date | appeared 3 years ago latest price $9268 sale post disappeared 2022-06-24 |
Price History | |
Sale Website Type | classifieds |
Notes | |
Hidden text |
sale information provided by user #363956
All photos above are REAL and display ACTUAL car. After you get the report you will see full resolution photos.
Tech Specs
Body Style | SUV |
Color | Sparkling Silver |
Color (Interior) | Black |
Transmission | 6-Speed Automatic |
Engine | 2.4L I4 16V GDI DOHC |
Drive | AWD |
Fuel Type | Gasoline |
Extra Features
- Hidden text
- Auto-Dimming Rear-View Mirror W/Homelink & Compass
- Hidden text
- Driver Vanity Mirror
- Hidden text
- Front Anti-Roll Bar
- Hidden text
- Heated Steering Wheel
- Hidden text
- Auto High-Beam Headlights
- Hidden text
- Driver Door Bin
- Hidden text
- Front & Rear Park Assist System
- Hidden text
- Heated Front Seats
- Hidden text
- Occupant Sensing Airbag
- Hidden text
- Axle Ratio: 3.195
- Hidden text
- Dual front side impact airbags
- Hidden text
- Front Center Armrest
- Hidden text
- Illuminated entry
- Hidden text
- Overhead console
- Hidden text
- Rear Anti-Roll Bar
- Hidden text
- Split folding rear seat
- Hidden text
- Apple CarPlay & Android Auto
- Hidden text
- Delay-Off Headlights
- Hidden text
- Four Wheel Independent Suspension
- Hidden text
- Heated Front Bucket Seats
- Hidden text
- Navigation
- Hidden text
- Power Driver Seat
- Hidden text
- Security System
- Hidden text
- Turn Signal Indicator Mirrors
- Hidden text
- Outside temperature display
- Hidden text
- Radio: AM/FM Audio System
- Hidden text
- Power Steering
- Hidden text
- Rear window wiper
- Hidden text
- Speed control
- Hidden text
- Steering Wheel Mounted Audio Controls
- Hidden text
- Automatic Temperature Control
- Hidden text
- Ventilated Front Seats
- Hidden text
- Dual Front Impact Airbags
- Hidden text
- Front Bucket Seats
- Hidden text
- Illuminated door sill plates
- Hidden text
- Overhead Airbag
- Hidden text
- Radio: AM/FM/SiriusXM Audio System
- Hidden text
- Speed-Sensing Steering
- Hidden text
- Wireless Charging Pad
Standard Features
All these features are based on a model in general. This specific vehicle may differ.
- AM/FM Stereo
- Hidden text
- Daytime Running Lights
- Hidden text
- Front reading lights
- Hidden text
- Instrumentation: Low fuel level
- Hidden text
- Power Liftgate
- Hidden text
- Automatic front air conditioning
- Hidden text
- Digital Audio Input
- Hidden text
- Fuel Capacity: 16.4 gal.
- Hidden text
- Interior air filtration
- Hidden text
- Power remote driver mirror adjustment
- Hidden text
- Remote activated exterior entry lights
- Hidden text
- Tire Pressure Monitoring System: Tire specific
- Hidden text
- Anti-Theft Alarm System
- Hidden text
- Cruise control,4-wheel ABS Brakes
- Hidden text
- Front Ventilated disc brakes,1st and 2nd row curtain head airbags
- Hidden text
- Heated windshield washer jets
- Hidden text
- Piano black dash trim
- Hidden text
- Rear seats center armrest
- Hidden text
- Suspension class: Regular
- Hidden text
- Bucket Front Seats
- Hidden text
- Dual illuminated vanity mirrors
- Hidden text
- Fuel Type: Regular unleaded
- Hidden text
- Leatherette seat upholstery
- Hidden text
- Power Windows
- Hidden text
- Side airbag
- Hidden text
- Turn signal in mirrors
- Hidden text
- Privacy glass: Deep
- Hidden text
- Speed-proportional electric power steering
- Hidden text
- Vehicle Emissions: LEV3-ULEV70
- Hidden text
- Trip Computer
- Hidden text
- Audio system memory card slot
- Hidden text
- Coil front spring
- Hidden text
- Fold forward seatback rear seats
- Hidden text
- Heated passenger mirror
- Hidden text
- Passenger Airbag
- Hidden text
- Rear bench
- Hidden text
- Strut front
- Hidden text
- Wheel Diameter: 18
Year | 2021 |
ODO | 691 mi |
Seller | Hidden text (Hidden text) |
MSRP | $8195 |
Location | Sheboygan, WI, 53081 |
Date | appeared 4 years ago latest price $7943 sale post disappeared 2021-09-25 |
Price History | |
Sale Website Type | classifieds |
Notes | |
Hidden text |
sale information provided by user #151724
All photos above are REAL and display ACTUAL car. After you get the report you will see full resolution photos.
Tech Specs
Body Style | SUV |
Color | Sparkling Silver |
Color (Interior) | Black |
Transmission | 6-Speed Automatic |
Engine | 2.4L I4 16V GDI DOHC |
Drive | AWD |
Fuel Type | Gasoline |
Extra Features
- ABS Brakes
- Hidden text
- Dual Front Impact Airbags
- Hidden text
- Front Dual Zone A/C
- Hidden text
- Occupant Sensing Airbag
- Hidden text
- Radio: AM/FM Audio System
- Hidden text
- 6 Speakers
- Hidden text
- Delay-Off Headlights
- Hidden text
- Front Anti-Roll Bar
- Hidden text
- Leather shift knob
- Hidden text
- Power Door Mirrors
- Hidden text
- Security System
- Hidden text
- Variably Intermittent Wipers
- Hidden text
- Bumpers: Body-Color
- Hidden text
- Freshly Detailed
- Hidden text
- Illuminated entry
- Hidden text
- Passenger Vanity Mirror
- Hidden text
- Roof Rack: Rails Only
- Hidden text
- Turn Signal Indicator Mirrors
- Hidden text
- Automatic Temperature Control
- Hidden text
- Exterior Parking Camera Rear
- Hidden text
- Heated Door Mirrors
- Hidden text
- Overhead console
- Hidden text
- Axle Ratio: TBD
- Hidden text
- Four Wheel Independent Suspension
- Hidden text
- Heated Front Bucket Seats
- Hidden text
- Panic alarm
- Hidden text
- Traction Control,4-Wheel Disc Brakes
- Hidden text
- Rear Window Defroster
- Hidden text
- Speed control
- Hidden text
- Speed-Sensing Steering
- Hidden text
- Tilt steering wheel
Standard Features
All these features are based on a model in general. This specific vehicle may differ.
- Anti-Theft Alarm System
- Hidden text
- Digital Audio Input
- Hidden text
- Fuel Capacity: 16.4 gal.
- Hidden text
- Interior air filtration
- Hidden text
- Power remote driver mirror adjustment
- Hidden text
- Remote activated exterior entry lights
- Hidden text
- ABS And Driveline Traction Control
- Hidden text
- Coil front spring
- Hidden text
- Fold forward seatback rear seats
- Hidden text
- Heated passenger mirror
- Hidden text
- Braking Assist
- Hidden text
- Dual front air conditioning zones
- Hidden text
- Fuel Consumption: Highway: 25 mpg
- Hidden text
- Leather/metal-look steering wheel trim
- Hidden text
- Power retractable mirrors
- Hidden text
- Roof rails
- Hidden text
- Total Number of Speakers: 6
- Hidden text
- Audio system memory card slot
- Hidden text
- Cruise controls on steering wheel
- Hidden text
- Front fog/driving lights
- Hidden text
- Independent front suspension classification
- Hidden text
- Piano black door trim
- Hidden text
- Rear spoiler: Lip
- Hidden text
- Suspension class: Regular
- Hidden text
- Wheel Width: 7
- Hidden text
- Cargo area light
- Hidden text
- Dusk sensing headlights
- Hidden text
- Headlights off auto delay
- Hidden text
- Machined aluminum rims w/ painted accents
- Hidden text
- Vehicle Emissions: LEV3-ULEV70
- Hidden text
- Leather shift knob trim
- Hidden text
- Power Liftgate
- Hidden text
- Privacy glass: Deep
- Hidden text
- Regular front stabilizer bar
- Hidden text
- SiriusXM AM/FM Stereo
- Hidden text
- Tachometer
- Hidden text
- Turn signal in mirrors
- Hidden text
- Wiper park
Model Analytics & Market Report
We've analyzed more than 54,900 sales records of this model and here are some numbers.
The average price for new (MSRP) 2021 KIA SPORTAGE in 2021 was $26,500.
The average price for used 2021 KIA SPORTAGE nowadays in 2024 is $20,495 which is 77% from the original price.
Estimated mileage driven per year is 11,413 miles.
For this model we also have depreciation curve, photos, list of features and options, and other analytics.
Take a look at 2021 KIA SPORTAGE model page in BADVIN vehicles catalog.
Depreciation
The graph below is a depreciation curve for 2021 KIA SPORTAGE. It shows how much this model looses per year in price. This analytics is calculated using sales records from BADVIN database.
The table below shows average price for used 2021 KIA SPORTAGE in each year since the year of manufacturing, current year price and projected price in the future years.
You can scroll the table horizontally to see all columns.
Year | Average Mileage | Average Price | % Left | % Lost | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2021 MSRP | 0 mi | $26,500 | — | — | 100% | 0% |
2021 | 11,413 mi | $31,200 | −$4,700 | −17.74% | 117.74% | -17.74% |
2022 | 22,826 mi | $26,271 | +$4,929 | +15.8% | 99.14% | 0.86% |
2023 | 34,239 mi | $21,498 | +$4,773 | +18.17% | 81.12% | 18.88% |
2024 | 45,652 mi | $20,495 | +$1,003 | +4.67% | 77.34% | 22.66% |
2025 | 57,065 mi | $18,991 | +$1,504 | +7.34% | 71.66% | 28.34% |
→ Visit 2021 KIA SPORTAGE depreciation page to see full data. |
Price vs Mileage
The graph below shows how mileage affects the price for 2021 KIA SPORTAGE. This data was calculated using sales records from BADVIN database.
The table below shows average price for used 2021 KIA SPORTAGE by mileage and number of sales.
You can scroll the table horizontally to see all columns.
Mileage | Average Price | Sample Size |
---|---|---|
5,000 mi | $22,993 | 75 sales |
10,000 mi | $22,458 | 219 sales |
15,000 mi | $21,991 | 355 sales |
20,000 mi | $21,764 | 534 sales |
25,000 mi | $21,000 | 625 sales |
30,000 mi | $20,995 | 669 sales |
→ Visit 2021 KIA SPORTAGE depreciation page to see full data. |
Get FULL ACCESS to the vehicle history report and see all blurred info.
⭐ Read 206+ reviews from our customers who used BADVIN to avoid buying junk vehicles.
Testimonials from our customers
Report showed a car I was considering had a prior salvage title from a major accident, even though carfax listed it as clean. Messaged seller asking about it and they made shady excuses. Def avoided a scam thanks to badvin!
I almost bought a 2019 Malibu that seemed like a great deal - low miles and price. But the badvin report showed it used to be a rental fleet vehicle, which the seller didn't disclose. Glad I found out before buying someone else's abused rental!
I've tried many vehicle reports but badvin's is by far the most comprehensive. It shows accident photos, past sales, repairs and so much more. I won't buy a car now without getting a report first. It's a must-have.
As a broke college kid I almost settled for a sketchy 2005 Altima cuz it was cheap. but splurged on the report from badvin 1st. soooo glad I did - turned out it had been totalled and rebuilt. spending a little saved me from wasting $1000s!
Frequently asked questions
To ensure the 2021 KIA SPORTAGE meets environmental standards, look for emissions ratings and fuel economy data on the window sticker, which indicate compliance with environmental regulations.
Discrepancies between a window sticker and actual dealer pricing can occur due to additional dealer markup, optional add-ons not included in the sticker, or regional pricing differences.
The market value of a vehicle is calculated based on its historical depreciation trends, current condition, mileage, and market trends.
Vehicle history reports may include details and photographs from auto auctions, showing the 2021 KIA vehicle’s condition and specifications when it was up for sale, if available.
Recall information may reveal if the vehicle has had any manufacturer defects that needed correction, impacting its safety and market value, depending on the completeness of recall data.
New vehicles often depreciate quickly due to rapid advancements in technology and consumer preference for the latest features, which make older models less desirable.
Yes, VIN decoding can help in legal situations by providing verified vehicle information, which can be crucial in cases of theft, accidents, or disputes over vehicle identity.